Hunnic Turks Among the Scandinavians – 3

As a steppe empire, the Huns maintained their dominion over vast territories through speed, mobility, violence, and reward. Like other nomadic peoples, they never conquered lands merely to control the territory itself. In other words, they controlled kings and vassals—transforming them into allies—and reduced kingdoms to vassal states. As mounted warriors—thanks to their extraordinary equestrian skills, which allowed them, at least theoretically, to carry everything they owned on horseback—they were able to traverse Europe from one end to the other within a matter of weeks.

Broadly speaking, the Mongol conquests of the 13th century—and specifically the invasion of Europe between 1237 and 1242—represent a comparable historical trajectory. The Mongols ruled the world from the German frontier to Korea, yet they left behind very few traces (with the exception of *The Secret History of the Mongols*). The material culture of nomads is, understandably, sparse. They possessed no permanent dwellings; their institutions, too, were portable, and social power was exercised within the confines of a hall or a felt-covered tent—a *yurt*. Although Attila maintained a headquarters featuring impressive wooden structures for the purpose of receiving foreign diplomats, all social, cultural, military, economic, and religious institutions remained, in spatial terms, portable. Priscus makes mention of these very institutions. Undoubtedly, Hunnic society encompassed a diverse array of specialists who both exhibited and codified institutionalized behaviors—ranging from the young women in the welcoming procession to the performance artists at the banquet, from the women who wove exquisite textiles to the master smiths who transformed Roman gold into jewelry adorned with precious stones or into elaborate horse tack. Gift-giving was a crucial component of diplomatic interaction; however, in reality, the distinction between a gift and tribute was often blurred. Undoubtedly, the Huns—much like the Scythians and other steppe peoples—possessed sophisticated institutions that enabled them to incorporate vassal kings who paid tribute and were, in turn, generously rewarded. The acquisition of gold and portable wealth constituted the primary objective of diplomatic missions, as well as the central aim of Hunnic "foreign policy" and warfare.

Consequently, the emergence of a new symbolic system in the late fourth and early fifth centuries can be attributed—at best—to the imposition of Hunnic institutions and governance, wherein gold and livestock served as the primary instruments of social, religious, and political power. This represents a "transitional epoch" that ushered in a novel form of social complexity within Barbarian Europe, alongside the adoption of an entirely new set of social and cosmological values.

Let us pause for a moment to consider the fact that, were it not for written records, it would be nearly impossible for us to be aware of the Hunnic presence in Europe. Michel Kazanski rightly observes that "the diversity from which the material culture of the Hunnic Empire’s aristocracy derived serves to underscore the cosmopolitan character of Attila’s court." Thus, the scattered material evidence identified as bearing distinctly Hunnic characteristics becomes the primary benchmark for assessing their presence in the northern regions.

Among the artifacts highlighted by Joachim Werner are a distinctive type of open-ended earring—crafted from solid gold or silver—featuring a bulbous body and a pointed tip. These earrings are known to originate from burial sites located to the north and east of the Black Sea, as well as from the Danube Plain in Hungary. However, Werner was unaware of nine similar earrings found in Denmark and one found in southern Norway. Although Werner highlighted this type as one of the most significant and indisputably Hunnic artifacts, they were never identified as such because no one expected Hunnic objects to surface in that region. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that these earrings are absent from the numerous Scandinavian gold hoards. Almost all of them are solitary finds lacking a clear context, and—unlike the majority of gold hoards—none originate from bogs or wetlands. This suggests that, unlike other gold artifacts, these earrings were highly personal items and did not serve as sources of wealth. Finds recovered from a Migration Period grave in southwestern Norway corroborate this view; consequently, many of the finds in Denmark may well originate from graves disturbed by plowing.

Small bronze mirrors—typically featuring a sun symbol on one side—are also counted among the characteristic artifacts of the Huns. According to Werner, such mirrors have been discovered in graves within the Hunnic heartland situated between the Danube and Tisza rivers, as well as to the north and east of the Black Sea and deep within Central Asia. Even today, they remain closely linked to shamanistic practices among the Buryats of Mongolia. Laboratory analyses confirm the presence of just such a mirror among the grave goods recovered from the earliest burial chamber within the Eastern Mound—also known as "Odin’s Mound"—one of the three "royal mounds" at Old Uppsala. It has been suggested that the bronze plate in question might, in fact, be a fibula. However, the plate corresponds precisely to the standard dimensions of nomadic mirrors.

The funeral pyre was covered with a cairn of stones, and a cremation urn was placed in the ground at its center. The cremated remains of a child aged 10 to 14 were discovered there, alongside fragments of glass, gaming pieces, belt buckles, bone combs and spoons, as well as pieces of gold filigree and enamel work, among other items. Also present were fragments of bronze plates from a miniature leather helmet—reminiscent of the helmet found in the "Prince’s Tomb" at Cologne Cathedral and those in the Avar graves at Kerch. Furthermore, a unique lock of human hair found near the urn is particularly noteworthy. Although its precise dating remains a subject of debate, the burial is believed to date to the Late Migration/Early Vendel Period—likely the 6th century AD. Nevertheless, the bronze mirror and the lock of hair evoke the ceremonial burial practices observed among the Huns (who, as was the case at Attila’s funeral, would cut their hair as a sign of mourning); yet, this particular burial took place after their disappearance from Europe.

Thus, one or two diagnostic artifact types typically attributed to the Huns—specifically, open-ended earrings with bulbous terminals and bronze mirrors—have been documented in the north. The significance of animal motifs—reflected in the evolution of Scandinavian and Germanic animal styles—along with skilled craftsmanship, "magical technology," and numerous gold hoards, all belong to this same cultural complex. However, the Hunnic presence also manifested in more direct forms. Although the conflict with the Huns involved a mélange of ethnic groups—as we know from Late Antique sources—it undoubtedly provoked similar reactions in Scandinavia. It appears that at least a segment of the Huns possessed a clearly distinct ethnic background of Asian origin. Their appearance was ‘foreign,’ and their presence represented anger, greed, and power—as well as reward, admiration, and supremacy. This may explain why faces bearing distinctively Asian features were placed in central positions on the first generation of Danish and Norwegian square-headed brooches, which were adorned with elaborate animal ornamentation. This indicates that the Huns occupied a place in the imagination of the Scandinavian elites. However, it may also suggest that such brooches were crafted specifically at the behest of the Hunnic elites and presented to the Scandinavians as gifts.

Prof. Lotte Hedeager

Archaeology, University of Oslo

Trans.: SB

Image: "Long and Braided Hair" / Funen Medallion (bracteate), 5th century

National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen

#Scandinavian #Viking #Hun #Turk

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İskandinavlar Arasında Hun Türkleri-3

Bir bozkır imparatorluğu olarak Hunların geniş topraklar üzerindeki egemenliği hız, hareketlilik, şiddet ve ödül yoluyla sürdürüldü. Diğer göçebe halklar gibi, toprakları kontrol etmek için asla fethetmediler. Başka bir deyişle, kralları ve vasallarını kontrol ettiler ve onları müttefikleri haline getirdiler ve krallıklar vasallara indirgendi. Atlı savaşçılar olarak, en azından teorik olarak, her şeyi at sırtında taşıyabilen olağanüstü binicilik yetenekleri sayesinde Avrupa’nın bir ucundan diğer ucuna birkaç hafta içinde geçebiliyorlardı.

Genel olarak 13. yüzyıldaki Moğol fetihleri ​​ve özellikle 1237-42 yıllarındaki Avrupa işgali, karşılaştırılabilir bir tarihsel diziyi temsil etmektedir. Moğollar, Alman sınırından Kore’ye kadar dünyayı yönettiler, ancak geride çok az iz bıraktılar (Moğolların Gizli Tarihi hariç). Göçebelerin kültürü anlaşılır bir şekilde yoksuldur. Kalıcı bir evleri yoktu, kurumları da taşınabilirdi ve sosyal güç salonda veya keçe kaplı çadırda, yurtta kullanılıyordu. Attila’nın yabancı diplomatlarla ilgilenmek için etkileyici ahşap binalara sahip bir karargahı olmasına rağmen, tüm sosyal, kültürel, askeri, ekonomik ve dini kurumlar mekânsal olarak taşınabilirdi. Priscus bu kurumlardan bahsetmektedir. Şüphesiz ki, Hun toplumu, karşılama alayındaki genç kadınlardan, ziyafet sırasındaki gösteri sanatçılarına, güzel tekstilleri işleyen kadınlara veya Roma altınını değerli taşlarla süslenmiş veya ayrıntılı at teçhizatına dönüştüren usta demircilere kadar, kurumsallaşmış davranışları sergileyen ve kodlayan çok çeşitli uzmanları bünyesinde barındırıyordu. Hediyeleşme, diplomatik temasın önemli bir parçasıydı, ancak gerçekte hediye ve haraç arasındaki ayrım çoğu zaman bulanıktır. Şüphesiz ki Hunlar, İskitler ve diğer bozkır halkları gibi, haraç ödeyen ve cömertçe ödüllendirilen vasal kralları bünyelerine katmalarını sağlayan gelişmiş kurumlara sahipti. Altın ve taşınabilir zenginlik elde etmek, diplomatik misyonların amacını ve Hunların "dış politikası" ve savaşının hedefini oluşturuyordu.

Dolayısıyla, dördüncü yüzyılın sonlarında ve beşinci yüzyılın başlarında yeni bir sembolik sistemin ortaya çıkışı, en iyi ihtimalle, altın ve hayvanların sosyal, dini ve siyasi gücün aracı olduğu Hun kurumlarının ve yönetiminin dayatılmasına bağlanabilir. Bu, Barbar Avrupa’da yeni bir sosyal karmaşıklık türünü ve tamamen yeni bir sosyal ve kozmolojik değerler kümesinin benimsenmesini açan bir ‘dönemsel geçişi’ temsil eder.

Yazılı kanıtlar olmasaydı, Avrupa’daki Hun varlığından haberdar olmamızın neredeyse imkansız olacağı gerçeği üzerinde biraz duralım. Michel Kazanski, "Hun İmparatorluğu aristokrasisinin maddi kültürünün kaynaklandığı çeşitliliğin, Attila’nın sarayının kozmopolit karakterini gösterdiğini" doğru bir şekilde belirtiyor. Bu nedenle, Hunlara özgü özellikler taşıdığı belirlenen dağınık maddi kanıtlar, onların kuzeydeki varlıklarını değerlendirmek için bir ölçüt haline geliyor.

Joachim Werner’in dikkat çektiği eserler arasında, karakteristik açık uçlu, som altın veya gümüşten yapılmış, göbekli ve sivri uçlu küpeler de bulunmaktadır. Bu küpeler, Karadeniz’in kuzey ve doğusundaki mezarlardan ve Macaristan’daki Tuna ovasından bilinmektedir. Ancak Werner, Danimarka’da bulunan dokuz benzer küpeden ve güney Norveç’te bulunan bir küpeden haberdar değildi. Werner, bu türü en önemli ve tartışmasız Hun eserlerinden biri olarak vurgulamış olsa da, kimse Hun eşyalarının orada ortaya çıkmasını beklemediği için bunlar hiçbir zaman Hun olarak tanımlanmamıştır. Bununla birlikte, bu küpelerin çok sayıda İskandinav altın hazinesinde bulunmaması dikkat çekicidir. Bunların neredeyse tamamı, net bir bağlamı olmayan tekil buluntulardır ve hiçbiri, altın hazinelerinin çoğunda olduğu gibi bataklıklardan veya sulak alanlardan gelmemektedir. Bu durum, bu küpelerin diğer altın eserlerden farklı, son derece kişisel ve zenginlik kaynağı olmadığını göstermektedir. Güneybatı Norveç’teki Göç Dönemi’ne ait bir mezardan elde edilen buluntular bunu doğrular niteliktedir ve Danimarka’daki buluntuların birçoğu bu nedenle sürülmüş topraklardan açılmış mezarlardan olabilir.

Genellikle bir tarafında güneş sembolü bulunan küçük bronz aynalar da karakteristik Hun eserleri arasındadır. Werner’e göre, bunlar Tuna ve Teis nehirleri arasındaki Hun ana bölgesindeki mezarlarda, Karadeniz’in kuzey ve doğusunda ve Orta Asya’nın iç kesimlerinde bulunmuştur. Günümüzde bile Moğolistan’daki Buryadlar arasında şamanistik uygulamalarla yakından bağlantılıdırlar. Laboratuvar analizleri, Eski Uppsala’nın üç "kraliyet höyüğünden" biri olan doğu höyükteki, "Odin Höyüğü" olarak adlandırılan en eski açılış mezarından çıkan mezar eşyaları arasında böyle bir aynanın varlığını doğrulamaktadır. Bronz levhanın daha ziyade bir fibula olabileceği öne sürülmüştür. Ancak levha, göçebe aynalarının tam boyutundadır.

Cenaze ateşi bir taş yığınıyla örtülmüş ve ortasına bir yakma kabı toprağa yerleştirilmiştir. 10-14 yaşlarında bir çocuğun yakılmış kemikleri, cam parçaları, oyun parçaları, kemer tokaları, kemik tarak ve kaşık parçalarıyla birlikte altın telkari ve mine işçiliği parçaları vb. bulundu. Köln Katedrali’ndeki ’prens mezarı’ndaki miğfere ve Kerç’teki Avar mezarlarına benzer minyatür bir deri miğferden bronz levha parçaları da vardı. Ayrıca, küpün yakınında bulunan eşsiz bir insan saçı tutamı da dikkat çekicidir. Gömünün, kesin tarihi tartışmalı olsa da, Geç Göç/Erken Vendel Dönemi’ne, muhtemelen MS 6. yüzyıla tarihlendiği düşünülmektedir. Bununla birlikte, bronz ayna ve saç tutamı, Hunlar arasında uygulanan törensel gömme uygulamalarını (Attila’nın cenazesinde olduğu gibi yas tutarken saçlarını keserlerdi) anımsatmaktadır, ancak gömme işlemi onların Avrupa’dan kaybolmalarından sonra gerçekleşmiştir.

Böylece, Hunlara atfedilen bir veya iki teşhis edici eser türü, göbekli, açık uçlu küpeler ve bronz aynalar, kuzeyde belgelenmiştir. İskandinav ve Germen hayvan stillerinin gelişiminde yansıyan hayvanların önemi, yetenekli işçilik, ‘büyü teknolojisi’ ve çok sayıda altın hazinesi aynı kültürel komplekse aittir. Bununla birlikte, Hun varlığı daha doğrudan biçimler de almıştır. Hunlarla olan çatışma, etnik grupların bir karışımını içermiş olsa da, Geç Antik Çağ kaynaklarından bildiğimiz gibi, İskandinavya’da kesinlikle benzer tepkilere neden olmuştur. Hunların en azından bir kısmının açıkça belirgin bir Asya kökenli etnik kökene sahip olduğu görülmektedir.

Görünüşleri ‘yabancı’ydı ve varlıkları öfke, açgözlülük ve gücü, aynı zamanda ödülü, hayranlığı ve üstünlüğü de temsil ediyordu. Bu, ayrıntılı hayvan süslemeleriyle bezeli ilk nesil Danimarka ve Norveç kare başlı broşlarında belirgin Asya özelliklerine sahip yüzlerin neden merkezi konumlara yerleştirildiğini açıklayabilir. Bu, Hunların İskandinav elitlerinin hayal gücünde yer aldığını gösterir. Bununla birlikte, bu tür broşların Hun elitlerinin talebi üzerine özel olarak yapıldığını ve İskandinavlara hediye olarak sunulduğunu da gösterebilir.

Prof. Lotte Hedeager

Arkeoloji, Oslo Üniversitesi

Çev.: SB

Görsel: "Uzun ve Örgülü Saç"/Funen Madalyon (bracteate), 5.yy

Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen

#İskandinav #Viking #Hun #Türk

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